SS I
FIRST WEEK
TOPIC: INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY
MEANING OF CHEMISTRY
Chemistry is a branch of science
which deals with the study of the nature, composition, properties and changes
matter can undergo under different conditions. By nature of matter it means the
state every objects or things existed in the universe. Some objects are found in liquid state, some
are in solid state while others in gas state. By composition it means what
matter are composed or made up of. So all objects either living or non-living
consists of different materials e.g. soil consists of water, micro-organisms,
air and minerals as well as humus. While water consists of hydrogen and
oxygen. By properties it means matter or
objects have different properties or characteristics for instant a pure water
is used to be tasteless, colorless, freezes at 0oC and boils at 100oC
while an alcohol (Ethanol) is said to be colorless, it has characteristic odour,
boils at 760C. By changes
matter will undergo under different conditions, it means matter can change
their state from one form into another depending on the environmental factor.
For instance water can boils when the temperature changes, it can evaporates
when the temperature changes as well and it can freezes when the temperature
changes which means that when the environmental temperature in which water is
place changes the water changes its state.
Environment
itself is made up of matter, chemistry therefore deals with the study of the
environment and try to explain things that are happening in the environment.
For instant:
1.
Rusting of iron nails
2.
Palm wine turning sour after sometime
3.
Burning of substances into ashes, e.t.c.
BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY
Chemistry
as a science subject is divided into three (3) main branches:
a.
Inorganic
Chemistry:- This is the branch of chemistry which
studies those matter in our environment which are non-living e.g. stones, soil,
mineral salts, rocks, etc. These
non-living matter does not originate from the body of plants and animals.
b.
Organic
Chemistry:- This is another branch of chemistry
which studies matter in our environment which are living e.g. anything that
originated or came from the bodies of plants and animals
c.
Physical
Chemistry:- This is the last branch of chemistry
which studies those energy transformations or changes involved in the changing
of matter in the environment into another form of matter for instant; if
ice-block must melt into liquid water, some certain amount of energy is
required for the process of take place. This energy used to change ice-block to
water is studied under physical chemistry. Also the amount of calories of
energy contained in food stuff and the quantity released into the bodies of
animals when consumed is studied under physical chemistry.
Note anytime a matter is transformed
energy is neither gain non-lost during the process. It is just conversion of
energies taking place.
METHODS OF STUDYING CHEMISTRY (SCIENTIFIC METHOD)
Scientists used their eyes and other
senses to make observation. From these
observations they build up a pattern which often leads to a problem or
question.
The
scientist tries to solve this problem or question by forming an explanation or
hypothesis. The hypothesis can be tested by an experiment. The scientist
records what happens and we can use the results to show whether the hypothesis
is right or wrong. If the hypothesis is shown to be right, then further
observation and experiment will continue the investigation. When the hypothesis
is shown to be wrong the scientist has to try and think of another explanation.
The
sequence of events is the scientific method; it forms the basis of all
scientific research.
Chemists
investigate substance by carrying out tests and trying out different reactions.
Scientific method works as follows:-
1.
Decide to investigate the properties of
a substance
2.
After preliminary tests and observations
from a hypothesis
3.
Test the hypothesis by carrying out an
experiment
4.
Do further tests and formulate a new
properties of a substance
FLOW CHART FOR SCIENTIFIC
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ASSIGNMENT
1.
Define chemistry in your own words.
2.
State and explain the three (3) branches
of chemistry
3.
Explain what you understand by the term
“scientific method”.
4.
Using flow chart only explain how you as
a scientist would study chemistry as a science subject
5.
Name three (3) occurrence in the
environment which chemistry study
REF. BOOK:
(1) New School Chemistry for Colleges
by Ababio et al
(2) Certificate Comprehension for Senior Sec. Schools by G.N.C Ohia et al.
(3) Macmillan Chemistry for Senior
Secondary Schools by Demehin et al
SECOND WEEK SS 1
TOPIC: IMPORTANCE OF CHEMISTRY
Chemistry
as a science subject, tries to find out about materials around us. The earth
and all the things on the earth in order to put them into better uses and benefits
to man. Hence chemistry have the following importance:-
1.
It makes us to learn how to investigate
the pattern of behavior of several groups of substances in the environment
2.
It helps to discovered more about the
occurrence happening in our environment
3.
It helps to improve the quality of the
standard of living of people in society
4.
It helps in production of agro-chemicals to
improve agricultural production of crops and livestock through production of
livestock drugs, vaccines, crops fertilizer and pesticides, etc.
5.
It helps in the storage and preservation
of several food items to the point of reducing malnutrition
6.
It helps in the synthesis of fibres
(textile) used for wide range of clothing materials and these fibres are
cheaper than the natural cotton materials
7.
It helps in the manufacture of better
and high quality drugs used in treatment of different kinds of diseases
8.
It helps in the production of different
structural materials e.g. alloys for machine parts etc.
ADVERSE EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL PROCESSES
There
are some side effects of chemical processes experienced in the environment.
These adverse effects include:-
1.
It can leads for food poison
2.
It can leads to destruction of life
3.
It can leads to destruction of natural
ecosystem
4.
It can leads to destruction of ozone
layer
5.
It can causes different types of
pollution in the environment, etc.
CAREER OPPORTUNITIES IN STUDYING CHEMISTRY
There
are different careers a student who studied chemistry can take up after passing
out of high school. In college, the following careers available:
1.
Biochemistry
2.
Microbiology
3.
Physiology
4.
Anatomy
5.
Nursing
6.
Medical Doctor
7.
Chemical Engineering
8.
Geology
9.
Agricultural Science
10.
Mining Engineering
11.
Physiotherapy
12.
Information Technology
and many other science related
discipline.
Exercise
1.
State the definition of chemistry and
explain the definition briefly
2.
List out three occurrence happening in
the environment which chemistry studied and provided explanation for
3.
Explain briefly the three (3) branches
of chemistry and list two examples under each branch
4.
Describe the scientific approaches to
the study of chemistry using only a flow chart
5.
Mention five (5) benefits of studying
chemistry as a science subject
6.
List out four (4) harmful effects of
chemistry in the environment.
REF. BOOK:
(1) New School Chemistry for Colleges
by Ababio et al
(2) Certificate Comprehension for Senior Sec. Schools by G.N.C Ohia et al.
(3) Macmillan Chemistry for Senior
Secondary Schools by Demehin et al
CHEMISTRY LESSON NOTE SS 1
THIRD WEEK
TOPIC: THE NATURE OF
MATTER
MEANING OF MATTER
Matter is anything that has mass and
occupy space. This means that matter is
having a force and it is inertia also matter requires a force to get it moving
or to stop it once it is moving. Matter also occupy space showing that matter
can be located at a particular position wherever it is. For instant, the
feather might appear to have no mass but it does have mass because it is pull
to the earth’s surface when it is dropped from a height. And on landing on a
surface it occurs a space. Also all the hair on our head mass individual mass
that can be obtained using a mass balance individual and collectively and if a
hair strand is removed from the head the space is open. Examples of matter in
clued: water, oxygen, soil, balls, books, fishes, bids, tables, rulers,
pencils, clothes, goats, knife, etc.
CONCEPT OF MASS AND WEIGHT
Most
students assumed that mass and weight are the same quantity. But this is not
true, that is the reason why mass is used to defined matter and not weight.
The
difference between mass and weight are listed in the table below:-
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MASS
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WEIGHT
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1
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Mass is the total quantity of
particles in a substance
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Weight is force acting on the
substance due to force of gravity
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2
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Mass is constant because it is the
same at any point on the earth surface
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Weight is not constant because it
varies from place to place on the earths surface
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3
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Mass is scalar quantity because it
has magnitude but no direction
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Weight is vector quantity because
it has magnitude and direction
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4
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The S.I unit of mass is mole
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Weight S. I unit is Gram or
netoton.
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THE STATES OF MATTER
There
are different kinds of matter. The universe itself is a matter because it is
composed of sample of materials which have two properties in common. The
materials occupy space (they have volume) and they have mass.
The
materials found to composed the universe is therefore divided into three
different states. The states are
1.
Solid
2.
Liquid
3.
Gas
Even the internal organ of the body are in three
states. Same goes to the materials in the world. For instant water is liquid,
air is gas and land is solid. The table below shows examples of each state of
matter
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